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Ethiopia has a wide range of industrial mineral resources in most of its geological formations that span from Precambrian to recent. The basement rocks host quartz, feldspar, mica, kyanite, kaoline, talc, chromite, graphite, magnesite, industrial olivine, marble, and granite while the Mesozoic sediments contain most of the sandstone and limestone resources used for various industrial inputs and construction. Similarly, the Tertiary to Quaternary volcanics and sediments are the sources of most of the construction minerals.
Also, the Rift sediments include limestone, sandstone, shale, gypsum, anhydrite and other evaporite deposits.
The major industrial minerals abundantly available in the Cenozoic volcanics and sediments include potash, rock salt, soda ash, sulfur, silica sand, diatomite and bentonite.
However, such resources are not fully utilized due to limited capacity of the consuming industries, lack of capital investment, and to some degree due to lack of awareness on the availability and suitability of the resources.
On the other hand, the country has been importing some industrial minerals for the existing industries, and bulk of mineral products such as fertilizers, sheet glass and various chemicals and similar products.
The main industrial minerals necessary for sheet glass manufacturing includes silica-sand, dolomite, magnesite, kaolin, feldspar, limestone, and soda ash and all are present in ample quantity within the country.
Dolomite There are several million tons of dolomite as large in quantity as limestone all over Ethiopia occurring usually interbedded with limestone and also commonly occurs associated with rock salt and gypsum deposits within the Mesozoic sediments succession of Makelle, Ogaden, and Abay and Muger Valleys. Besides, metamorphosed dolomitic marbles are plenty in southern western and northern Ethiopia.
Galleti Dolomite Dolomite marble occurs in the Galleti and Hula-Kunni valleys some 370 km southeast of Addis Ababa near the confluence of Galetti and Hula Kunni rivers, in western Harerge Zone of the Oromia region. The resource is estimated to be 1.4 metric tons with an additional mass of 250,000 t at Hula-Kuni valley.
The deposit has been investigated by the Geological Survey of Ethiopia to check its suitability for sheet glass manufacturing including drilling.
Hula Kunni -Dolomite (and Calcite Marble Deposit) The Hula Kunni dolomite marble deposit occurs in the same area as the dolomite deposit but in the middle course of the Hula Kunni Valley. The deposit is exposed in the basement rocks that are overlain by the Mesozoic Adigrat Saridstop, followed by the Antalo limestone and the Amba Aradam formation. The deposit was explored by drilling, on a scale of 1: 1 000. The lower part, which forms the major part of the deposit, consists of calcite marble. Towards the upper part, as a result of intensive hydrothermal alteration, calcite marble passes into dolomite calcite and calcite dolomite varieties and finally to dolomite marble.
The dolomite marble, outlined in the north-eastern part of the deposit is grey, yellowish grey, fine to medium grained and mainly composed of dolomite ranging between 75% and 95%.
Quartz content increases to 10% and more proximal to tectonic fissures. Minor amount of fine grained magnetite disseminations are also present. The Hula Kunni dolomite marble deposit, unlike the Galleti deposit, requires additional drilling, and beneficiation test involving crushing and magnetic separation to bring down the Fe203 content within the pennissible range. Kenticha Dolomite Dolomite that has been exploited for various industrial applications occurs in Kenticha, nearby the Tantalum mine. The mine, run by the Government-owned Ethiopian Mineral Development Share Company, produced 2225 tons of dolomite in 2004.
Presently, a private company named Modem Building Industry PLC is engaged in processing a dolomitic marble in order to manufacture a standardized filler mineral at the required micro sizes. Chemical composition of the dolomite is shown together with magnesite.
Gara Jawwe Dolomite marble The Gara Jawwe dolomite occurrence is centered at 420 14' 35" E and 090 13' 25"N, about 2km south of Erer village, on the right side of Erer river, Harerghe, Eastern Ethiopia.
The deposit consists of four outcrops and enclosed within undifferentiated Precambrian basement rocks of very thick succession (biotite-quartz-feldspar gneiss, quartz feldspathic rocks and intruded by granites and '" deformed granites). It is currently under exploitation by Addis Glass Factory. Silicate analysis has indicated that the marble is of dolomitic type. The reserve was estimated to be 10,532 tons (Sergienko, et. al, 1985).
Calcite Marble Calcite marble occurrences are known in many parts of the country found intercalated with the meta-sedimentary and meta-volcanic rocks. Most prominent are those in western Ethiopia at Baru'da, Bullen, and Mankush regions, and those in eastern (Errer, Babile, Soka, and Rochelle near Harar), and northern Ethiopia (Adwa and Wukro) that are used for decorative stone. Only the Hula Kunni marble has been studied together with the Galleti dolomite for glass industry. |